The papers of the Michigan State University Vietnam Project comprise a voluminous record. They cover a seven-year period and comprise thousands of individual documents contained in 71 boxes and approximately 4,000 folders. The papers are arranged according to the three major areas into which the project was divided: Michigan State University Administration of the Project, Public Administration, and Police Administration. Though the division of the project&#39;s papers was suggested by the actual operation of the project itself, the subdivisions of particularly the first two were not. As a result of the very disorganized condition in which the papers relating to the administration of the project and public administration arrived at the archives, the processor was forced, because of the limitations of time available for processing and the need to provide some sort of logical organization, to use his best judgment as to the correct arrangement of the materials. For this reason, particularly in the first two major sections, the arrangement may not be that which existed at the time that the project was in operation.<br /> <br /> The first section, extending from Box 627, folder 1 to box 659, folder 55 and including folders 13 through 86 in box 677, includes all that material relating to the administration of the project, both in Saigon and East Lansing, and other material of a general nature that could not be included in any other section. Its organization, like that of the Public Administration material, is not necessarily that which it had during the time that the project was in operation. Of particular interest to the researcher are the materials in this section containing cable (both incoming and outgoing), contract information, general correspondence (including memoranda)¹, financial materials, histories of the project, personnel², press and public relations, reports³, and material relating to United States government agencies.<br /> <br /> The second section, extending from box 660, folder 1 to box 676 folder 12 and including folders 87 to 106 in box 677 and folders 1 to 70 in box 678 deals with Public Administration activities of the project or, more specifically, the dealings that the project and it personnel had with the civil agencies of the South Vietnamese government. Of particular interest will be those sections concerned with agrarian reform, civic action, Department of Finances⁴, Department of the Treasury, General information on the Government of Vietnam (GVN)⁵, Interior Department, of the National Economy, National Institute of Administration⁶, participant training program, Office of the Presidency⁷, province reports⁸, Refugee Commission⁹, Reports and publications, and the tribal administration study¹⁰.<br /> <br /> The third section, extending from box 679, folder 1 to box 694, folder 46, deals with Police Administration or, more specifically, the activities of the project and its personnel in regard to the civil police agencies of South Vietnam. The activities of the MSU mission constituted the most controversial part of the project and, in terms of research, is the best organized. The material arrived at the archives, after the other two sections had been largely organized, in good condition, with the result that portions of it have been cross-indexed with the material contained in the other two sections and is organized in essentially the same way that it was during the actual operation of the project. The latter was possible because of the index numbers appearing on most of the original folders and which appear both on the new folders and the description sheets¹¹. The major categories of interest to the researcher are administration¹², civil guard, municipal police, Vietnamese Bureau of Investigation (VBI), Traffic, VBI internal security section, research and training, Communications, articles-reviews-publications¹³; counterpart and foreign aid materials, Vietnamese people and agencies¹⁴, and training.<br /> <br /> Finally, two things should be noted and understood by anyone doing research in the papers of the Vietnam Project. First, the papers do constitute a very valuable source of information about South Vietnam and the conditions existing in it during the period before the massive American intervention began and which are unlikely to be available from any other source in the near future. Second, while the project has been controversial because of its activities and the events that have transpired since its end, the researcher should not expect to find masses of controversial or incriminating material. The project and its personnel were, almost entirely, concerned with the relatively mundane activities that surrounds any foreign aid project of this kind and the materials largely reflect this state of affairs.<br /> <br /> Footnotes:<br /> <br /> ¹ Correspondence: This material, while obviously divided according to subject, person, number, etc., should be consulted, because of the general nature of the material contained within it, in addition to the more specific correspondence that might be included under a particular topic in this or either of the other two sections. Both time and the condition in which the materials were found conspired against a more exact arrangement of the mass of correspondence.<br /> <br /> ² Personnel: In regard to the material dealing with personnel matters, extending from box 648, folder 88 to box 656 folder 70, those folders dealing with specific people, box 654, folder 35 to box 653 folder 105, will not be open to the researcher, but those that deal with policies or general administrative matters will be.<br /> <br /> ³ Reports: Reports contained in this section are those published by the project, dealing with its progress or necessary for the administration of it such as to satisfy a specific contractual obligation. Reports dealing with a specific topic, such as &ldquo;Tribal Administration,&rdquo; will be found under specific topic.<br /> <br /> ⁴ Throughout the period of the project the terms &ldquo;department&rdquo; and &ldquo;ministry&rdquo; were used almost interchangeably. However, since the project personnel tended to use &ldquo;department&rdquo; more frequently when referring to a government agency than they did &ldquo;ministry,&rdquo; the former has been used in the processing and organizing of the material.<br /> <br /> ⁵ General information on the Government of Vietnam: This section contains a large amount of information that, while not specifically pertaining to a particular activity undertaken by the project, never the less gives an indication of conditions as they existed in Vietnam between 1955 and 1962.<br /> <br /> ⁶ National Institute of Administration: This institution, which was to train Vietnamese civil servants in modern administrative techniques. Indeed, it was to be the means by which the progress made by the project personnel in the reorganization of the project could be measured. For this reason, the materials relating to the institute, extending from box 663, folder 35, to box 666, folder 79, constitute the largest mass of documents in the public administration section.<br /> <br /> ⁷ Office of the Presidency: The Presidency was the most important part of the Vietnamese government. It was the place where the decisions were made. In particular should be noted the portions relating specifically to President Diem and the efforts of the project personnel in the area of budget reform.<br /> <br /> ⁸ Province Reports: These reports, which are very complete for the period 1955-1959, contain material, gathered from interviews and field trips, that relates specifically to local conditions in the various provinces of Vietnam during the period noted.<br /> <br /> ⁹ Refugee commission: The first major project of the MSU mission was undertaken in regard to this agency in the summer of 1955. It arose from the need to bring order to Vietnamese attempts to deal with the influx of refugees from the north that threatened to overwhelm the limited capabilities of the Vietnamese government.<br /> <br /> ¹⁰Tribal Administration Study: When this project was finished and its report published, it constituted the most complete existing examination of the Montenyard tribesmen of the central highlands.<br /> <br /> ¹¹ It should be noted that some of the folders did not have index numbers, either because one was never assigned or it had been lost or destroyed. In such cases the processor used his best judgment as to the proper location of the materials and assigned it a corresponding number.<br /> <br /> ¹² Administration: This section contains many materials, such as police administration division meetings and other administrative materials that would have, had the administration materials not arrived so late in the processing, been included under MSU Administration of the Project.<br /> <br /> ¹³ Articles-Reviews-Publications: This sub-section includes a variety of topics such as magazines and reports that could not be placed under a specific topic.<br /> <br /> ¹⁴ Vietnamese: This sub-section includes correspondence and records of meetings with Vietnamese police officials undertaken in the course of the project.

Wesley R. Fishel (1919-1977) joined the faculty of Michigan State University in 1951, teaching political science in the College of Social Science and James Madison College until his death in 1977. Regarded as an expert on Southeast Asia affairs, he served as a close friend and consultant to Ngo Dinh Diem, President of South Vietnam in the 1950's. Fishel was best known for his role in the Michigan State University Vietnam Advisory Group (MSUG) technical assistance program (1955-1961), serving as its Chief Advisor from 1956 to 1958.<br /> <br /> Fishel's teaching career began in 1948 at the University of California (Los Angeles) as a political science instructor. In 1951, he came to Michigan State University as an associate professor in the political science department. In 1952, he was named assistant director of the Government Research Bureau which conducted research in problems of political behavior and public administration. (Today the Bureau is called the Social Science Research Bureau, encompassing all of the departments in the College of Social Science and conducts interdisciplinary research projects.) In 1957 Fishel became a full professor while serving as the chief advisor for MSUG in Saigon. He was also a professor in the James Madison College (1967-1977), and was named an adjunct professor in aerospace studies in 1972. Fishel's primary teaching included international relations, comparative politics (with an emphasis on Japan and Southeast Asia), and problems of developing areas.<br /> <br /> Fishel served in numerous administrative and editorial roles. He served as chairman of the Board of the American Friends of Vietnam; editor-in-chief of Southeast Asia, an international quarterly; and chairman of the Committee on Institutional Relationships, Asian Studies Center at MSU. In addition, he was active in many professional organizations, including the Council on Foreign Relations, Association for Asian Studies, and American Society of International law. Fishel was a founding member of the International House of Japan.<br /> <br /> During his career Fishel conducted field research in many East Asian and Southeast Asian countries, including Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and Burma. He conducted research on language problems faced by the U.S. Military during the Korean War, and on the germ-warfare atrocity charges published in communist propaganda. Fishel also conducted a continuing study of the composition of South Vietnam's political elite from 1956 to 1971. Prior to his death, he was working on two areas of research: &quot;The Great Shift: American Editorial Opinion on Foreign Affairs, 1966&quot; and &quot;How We Conquered the South: the Official Memoir of General Van Tien Dung, People's Army of North Vietnam.&quot; Both studies were to be published in 1977.<br /> <br /> Fishel's most significant publication was a collection of essays entitled Vietnam: Anatomy of a Conflict. As editor and co-author of the 1968 publication, Fishel attempted a detailed study of the fundamental history of Vietnam and the ramifications of its internal and external conflict. Though considered a sophisticated analysis with quality contributions, the book was criticized for being unbalanced since only two of the essays were written by critics of the Vietnam War. The other published work which received national attention was Fishel's doctorate dissertation The End of Extraterritoriality in China, published in 1952. This book focused on extraterritoriality developments and American policy between 1919 and 1923. The publication was criticized for not using any Chinese sources. Fishel wrote numerous other books and monographs, as well as articles published in such journals as The New Leader, Yale Review, and Asian Survey. The Washington Post and New York Times also published many articles by Fishel. He was a contributing writer and editor of Southeast Asia and Soviet Union entries for many encyclopedia publishers.<br /> <br /> Fishel received many honors throughout his professional career. He was awarded the Kim Kinh Decoration (&quot;Medal of Honor&quot;, first class) in 1966 by the Government of South Vietnam for his &quot;humanitarian contributions.&quot; He was named &quot;Outstanding Teacher of the Year&quot; by Excaliberr, the senior men's honorary at MSU, in 1955. In 1961, Fishel received a Guggenheim Fellowship to conduct research in Japan and Southeast Asia.<br /> <br /> As an expert on Southeast Asia, Fishel served as a consultant and advisor to many academic, professional, and governmental organizations. Fishel served as a consultant to the Operations Office at John Hopkins University (1952-1961); the Government Reorganization in Vietnam; the Foreign Operations Administration (1951-1955), the International Cooperation Administration (1955, 1959) and the Special Operations Research Office at American University (1958-1961). During the declining years of the Diem regime and the beginning of the war, Fishel served as a consultant for the U.S. Department of State (1963 to 1964).<br /> <br /> Fishel's most notable role was that of friend and advisor to Ngo Dihn Diem, as well as being the chief advisor of the MSUG. Fishel met Diem in Tokyo through mutual Japanese and Vietnamese friends. The two men quickly became friends and corresponded regularly. In 1953, Fishel made Diem a consultant on Southeast Asia to the MSU Government Research Bureau.<br /> <br /> In 1954 Diem was named Prime Minister of South Vietnam, under Bao Dai. Diem promptly hired Fishel as his advisor. While in Saigon, Fishel also worked with the United States Operations Mission (USOM), which channeled all U.S. aid to South Vietnam. The Prime Minister also asked that Michigan State University be allowed to provide technical assistance to the country, but the French government (who still actually controlled Vietnam) objected. However, France soon lost its power in Vietnam, and MSU proceeded to set up a technical assistance program.<br /> <br /> MSU President John Hannah sent four professors to Saigon to survey the situation and make suggestions for the assistance program, which would be underwritten by the U.S. Foreign Operations Administration (USFOA). These professors, Arthur Brandstatter (Police Administration), James Dennison (Public Relations), Edward Weidner (Political Science), and Charles Killingworth (Economics) recommended four programs to provide technical assistance: public administration, police administration programs, and help to establish a Constituent Assembly and write a Constitution. With the help of Fishel, contract negotiations were finally agreed upon in 1955, and thirty people from MSU were authorized to work on the project.<br /> <br /> Meanwhile, Diem easily beat Bao Dai in an October 1955 election. Diem assumed the title of president, and established the New Republic of South Vietnam. The United States backed Diem&#39;s government in hopes of keeping out communist control.<br /> <br /> Fishel took over the role as chief advisor of MSUG from Ralph Smuckler in 1956. The project was carried out in three phases. Phase I (1955-1957) was mainly concerned with helping establish police services and setting up resettlement programs for refugees who had fled communist North Vietnam. The police operations became so important during this short time that the International Cooperation Administration (ICA) authorized fourteen additional MSU personnel to work as police advisors.<br /> <br /> Phase II (1957 to 1959) undertook the task of developing modern, responsive political and administrative institutions for the new South Vietnam government. Emphasis was placed on training teachers and preparing instruction manuals and other training materials. During this period MSU began to shift away from direct instruction of police personnel, and also from direct involvement with the operating agencies.<br /> <br /> The final phase (1959-61) concentrated on academics. Conflicts arose between the MSU advisors, operating missions, and Diem. When the police project began to develop along military lines MSU removed itself from the civil guard training, which trained and equipped police at province and village levels to help maintain internal security. By 1960, USOM took over the entire police project.<br /> <br /> By 1962, other conflicts between MSU and Ngo Dihn Diem became apparent. When MSU's contract ended in June of 1962, the University said it would remain in South Vietnam only under two conditions: the MSU staff would be limited to five people, all from East Lansing; and the Group would devote its full time to the National Institute of Administration, which trained students and civil servants to work for the South Vietnamese government. However, Diem was angered by critical articles about himself and Vietnam, which were written by professors who participated in the Project and published in New Republic and Nation. MSU said it would try to select instructors who would write scholarly, scientific articles, and forbid the faculty from disclosing genuinely secret materials. Diem was not satisfied with this offer and denied renewal of the MSU contract. Fishel returned to Vietnam to talk with Diem about the contract with no success. In a letter to President Hannah, which was forwarded to president John F. Kennedy, Fishel revealed that for the first time he felt pessimistic about the fate of Vietnam. He said that unless changes were implemented by Diem, Chinese and Viet Cong terrorists would infiltrate the cities, panicking the population and weakening Diem's government; Fishel added that the &quot;evil influences&quot; (particularly Diem's brother, Ngo Dinh Nhu, and his wife, Madame Nhu) needed to be removed from government. Fishel concluded, &ldquo;unless the situation can be changed for the better, we are in for a very bad period in Vietnam.&quot;<br /> <br /> Fishel and the University gained nationwide attention for MSU's role in Vietnam when an article appeared in Ramparts magazine in April 1966 about the project. The article, entitled &quot;The University on the Make [or how MSU helped Madame Nhu]&quot; described Fishel as an ordinary professor who was &quot;making it&quot; and was the &quot;biggest operator of them all.&quot; The magazine described the MSU professors' lifestyle in Vietnam as living &quot;the easy ways of former French colonial masters.&quot; Fishel called the expose &quot;pure fantasy.&quot; He, as well as Hannah, denied charges that MSUG was a front for a CIA unit, or that MSU bought guns and ammunition and trained secret police.<br /> <br /> While Fishel was a visiting professor at Southern Illinois University in 1970, a group of students held a mock trial in which Fishel was accused of &quot;crimes against humanity.&quot; A student stand-in for Fishel was pelted with pies, cakes, and whipped cream; six students were arrested.<br /> <br /> When Fishel returned to the MSU in 1971, he was met with posters spread across campus reading, &quot;Wanted: Wesley Fishel For Exploitation, Racism, Murder.&quot; Students who opposed Fishel and did not believe he should teach at MSU signed up for his course, Political Institutions and Behavior in Southeast Asia. Early in the course a student stood in the back of the room waving a Viet Cong flag. Campus security officers escorted Fishel around campus until the turmoil subsided.<br /> <br /> Fishel remained at MSU until his death. He died in 1977 after suffering a stroke.

Ralph F. Turner served the Michigan State University community as a Professor of Criminalistics in the School of Police Administration and Public Safety (now the School of Criminal Justice) from 1947 until retiring in 1981.<br /> <br /> Turner was born on October 18, 1917 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, to Amanda Schmidt Turner and Ralph W. Turner.&nbsp; He received a B.S. degree in Chemistry from the University of Wisconsin 1939 and an M.S. in Police Administration from the University of Southern California.&nbsp; Turner received additional education at Boston University Medical School and the Yale Center for Alcohol Studies.<br /> <br /> On June 21, 1941, Ralph F. Turner married Arnella Klug (b. May 22, 1917).&nbsp; Arnella received her B.A. from Milwaukee-Downer College in 1938, and her M.A. from the University of Wisconsin in 1939.&nbsp; From 1939 to 1941 she was a high school teacher in Sheboygan, Wisconsin, and from 1953-1962 she substituted in a wide variety of disciplines and taught English classes one full year at Okemos High School in Okemos, MI.&nbsp; From 1965 through her retirement in 1981, Arnella was an instructor and assistant professor in the American Thought and Language Department at Michigan State University.&nbsp; Together Ralph and Arnella had three children:&nbsp; Richard D. (b. August 21, 1943); Georgia C. (b. June 19, 1945); and, John F. (b. July 25, 1947).<br /> <br /> Ralph and Arnella started their family in Kansas City, Missouri where Ralph established the Laboratory of Forensic Science in the Kansas City, Missouri Police Department.&nbsp; He was laboratory supervisor from 1939-1947.&nbsp; While in Kansas City, Turner began research on alcohol use and abuse - a research project of significant importance throughout his career.<br /> <br /> Turner left Kansas City to come to East Lansing, Michigan in 1947 to take a position as Professor of Criminalistics at Michigan State University.&nbsp; In 1949, he became involved in a year-long scientific study of drinking &ldquo;under field conditions.&rdquo;&nbsp; These &ldquo;field conditions&rdquo; involved creating a social setting and getting four to six volunteers to meet every Friday evening for over a year to play cards, talk and drink at their leisure.&nbsp; The participants agreed to have their consumption tracked and periodically submit to breath, blood and urine testing.&nbsp; Campus psychologists also monitored coordination and other responses and attitudes of the volunteers of varying socio-economic backgrounds.&nbsp; The project was funded by the National Traffic Safety Council.&nbsp; It was his longstanding interest in the use and misuse of alcohol that helped pave the way toward establishment of the substance abuse program at MSU in 1976.&nbsp; He also taught a course titled, &ldquo;Alcohol - A Social Dilemma.&rdquo;<br /> <br /> From 1959 through 1961, Turner served as Chief Police Advisor to the Police and Security Services of South Vietnam under the auspices of the MSU Advisory Group (see collection UA 2.9.5.5).&nbsp; He then traveled to Taipei, Taiwan during 1963-1964 as a Fullbright lecturer at the Central Police College.&nbsp; From 1969-1970, Turner returned to serve as National Visiting Professor at the Central Police College by the appointment of the National Science Council of the Republic of China.&nbsp; In addition, Turner taught short courses in Guam and Saudi Arabia; and conducted MSU courses in comparative justice at graduate and undergraduate levels in London, England, from 1970-1983.&nbsp; The course in comparative criminal justice was born partially from his acquaintance with police personnel around the world and from travels that have taken him the world over, as well as a personal interest in understanding different systems of justice.<br /> <br /> Outside of the University, Turner was an advisor to President Lyndon Johnson&rsquo;s Commission on Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice in 1965-1966 (Drunkeness Taskforce Report).&nbsp; In 1975 he was one of seven civilian criminology experts selected to assess the firearms evidence for the Los Angeles County Court in the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy.&nbsp; In the mid-1970s he was in close contact with the House Select Committee on Assassinations that considered the reopening of the investigations of the deaths of President John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King, Jr.&nbsp; Turner was an expert witness throughout his career, often testifying in criminal and civil court cases related to firearms, evidence from crime scenes, and alcohol and alcohol abuse.&nbsp; In his police consultant service Turner worked on over 500 assignments rendered in area of criminalistics, police science, and alcohol problems.&nbsp; He was responsible for numerous publications, paper presentations on these topics, and was considered by many in his lifetime to be one of the best forensic experts in the country.<br /> <br /> Turner was a founding member of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences.&nbsp; Other professional memberships included the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences, National Safety Council Committee on Alcohol and Drugs, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Chemical Society, National Council on Alcoholism and International Association for Identification.<br /> <br /> During his career, Turner received numerous awards and recognition for his achievements.&nbsp; In 1978, he became the third person to receive the Bruce Smith Award from the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences - an award infrequently presented by the Academy, and given in recognition of lifetime leadership in the administrative and professional fields, and for Turner&rsquo;s substantial contributions to the body of criminal justice knowledge gathered during 35 years as an educator, researcher, author and criminal justice practitioner.&nbsp; In 1981 he received the MSU Distinguished Faculty Award.<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;<br /> As a professional, he was strongly influenced by the Chairman of the Chemistry Department at the University of Wisconsin, J.H. Matthews, one of the pioneers in scientific criminal investigation, most notably in ballistic forensics.&nbsp; Turner&rsquo;s book, <emph render="underline">Forensic Science and Laboratory Techniques</emph>, was the first published laboratory manual designed to be used in laboratory course on the college level for the training of police lab technicians.<br /> <br /> Turner&rsquo;s personal life included an interest in carpentry and oil painting.&nbsp; He was an admirer of Frank Lloyd Wright and his work, doing much to support the preservation efforts of Taliesin West.&nbsp; An accomplished photographer, Turner had a show of his work at the Kresge Art Museum, November 29 through December 20, 1970.&nbsp; He was an active member of Christ Lutheran Church in Lansing.&nbsp; A member of the Sherlock Holmes Society of London (Baker St. Irregulars), a group of Sherlock Holmes aficionados, Turner was a founding member of a local East Lansing chapter, The Greek Interpreter Scion.&nbsp; He was intrigued by the connection between the world of real-life investigators and the fictional world created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. &nbsp;<br /> <br /> A devoted husband and father, Turner was married to Arnella for 53 years at the time of his death on May 22, 1994, at the age of 76.

As twelfth president of Michigan State University, John Alfred Hannah served from July 1, 1941 to April 1, 1969. His tenure was characterized by extensive growth of the University, in both size and enrollments. President Hannah&#39;s activities were not limited to the University, however, as he filled a variety of positions in both the federal government and private industry.<br /> <br /> During President Hannah&#39;s tenure the University grew from an enrollment of just over 6,000 to just under 40,000. This dramatic increase necessitated an extensive building program. Likewise the curriculum was upgraded and modified. In 1944 the Basic College, a prototype in the nation, was established to provide instruction to incoming students. Other improvements included Adult Education (1951), International Program (1950s), MSU-Oakland (1959), and the creation of a medical program (1960s).<br /> <p> Hannah was very concerned with both the faculty and the students at the University. In the late 1940s he began the Spartan Roundtable which provided students a forum in which to present their concerns directly to the president. He oversaw the reorganization of the faculty governance structure, as well as the creation of the &quot;Rights and Freedoms of Students.&quot;</p> <p> Hannah&#39;s government service included: International Development Advisory Board; Assistant Secretary of Defense, 1953-1954; Chairman of the Commission on Civil Rights, 1957-1964; and, Chairman of the United States Section of the Permanent Joint Board on Defense. In 1969, upon retiring from the University, he accepted a position as administrator of the Agency for International Development. Overall he served in the administrations of Presidents Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon, Ford, Carter and Reagan.</p>

Ralph H. Smuckler came to MSU in 1951 as a professor in the Political Science department after finishing his doctoral studies at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. In June of 1955 Smuckler, his wife Lillian, and their two children went to Saigon, Vietnam. Smuckler was the research coordinator for the MSU Vietnam Project. Later that year he became the acting chief advisor replacing Wesley Fishel. In 1956, the family returned to East Lansing and Smuckler became the Assistant Dean of International Programs under Dean Glen Taggart. While he was assistant dean, he also worked half time in the Political Science department.<br /> <br /> In April 1958, the Smucklers returned to Saigon because Ralph was appointed head of the Vietnam Project. He served as head until 1959 when he returned to East Lansing and his position as assistant dean. In 1966 Smuckler became acting the dean of International Programs until Taggart&rsquo;s return from Nigeria in 1967. From 1967 to 1969, Smuckler took a leave of absence from MSU and became a representative for the Ford Foundation in Karachi, Pakistan to lead their Pakistan Project. The program supported agriculture growth and improvements in the import and export base.<br /> <br /> In 1967, when Taggart left MSU for another job, President Hannah wanted to Smuckler to return from Pakistan and become dean. Smuckler felt he could not neglect his commitment to the Ford Foundation so he agreed to return in 1969. In 1990, Smuckler left International Programs and became assistant to President DiBiaggio on international affairs. In 1993, Smuckler retired.<br /> <br /> Throughout his professional life, Smuckler was involved in many committees such as the Agency for International Development Research Advisory Committee. In the 1980s he served, as chairman on the National Research Council&rsquo;s Board on Science and Technology in Development.